Services+and+Industry

It is all economics

**(2-B)**

Services Notes: 1. Retail services- wholesale, restaurants, food stores, etc. 2.  Personal services- provide services for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers, health care, education, social services, recreation, hotels 1. Circular- Germany 2. Linear- Colonial America
 * Service- any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it
 * Consumer Service- to provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them
 * Retail Services- provide goods for sale to consumers
 * Consumer Services:
 * Business Services- to facilitate other businesses
 * 1) Producer services- provide services primarily to help people conduct other businesses, agriculture manufacturing
 * 2) Transportation and similar services- businesses that diffuse and distribute services, transportation, publishing and broadcasting
 * Public Services- to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses, 4%, with teachers 10%, federal state and local government, public employees, teachers
 * Clustered rural settlements- a number of families live in close proximity to each other with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings

Industry Notes: 1. Locational interdependence- the location of industries of like kind 2. A third vendor complicates the first two vedors’ location spatially 1. Transportation, labor, and agglomeration = owners of manufacturing plants seek to minimize these costs 1. Hexagonal shaped places
 * Industry refers to the manufacturing of goods in a factory
 * Factors of industrial location include raw materials, labor, infrastructure, transportation, energy, political stability, other businesses, taxes, climate, etc.
 * The root of the Industrial Revolution was technology (the iron industry was first to increase production through extensive use of Watt’s steam engine; the textile industry followed)
 * Cottage industry- home-based manufacturing
 * Situation factors:
 * 1) location near inputs
 * 2) location near markets
 * 3) break of bulk point- a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible
 * Site factors:
 * 1) land (more suburban than rural)
 * 2) labor (labor-intensive industry- one in which labor cost is a high percentage of expense)
 * bulk-reducing industry: an economic activity in which the final product weighs less than its inputs
 * bulk-gaining industry: makes something that gains volume or weight during production
 * Primary industries- located near raw materials; secondary industries- less dependent on resource location
 * Four primary Industrial regions: Eastern North America (largest), Western and Central Europe, Russia and Ukraine, and Eastern Asia (fastest growing)
 * “Four Tigers”- South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore
 * Economic models assume:
 * 1) People will try to maximize their advantages over competitors.
 * 2) They will want to make as much profit as possible.
 * 3) They will take into account variable costs such as energy, transportation, labor, etc.
 * Ullman’s Conceptual Frame:
 * 1) Complementarily- refers to the needs of one region matching the products of another (copper from AK to manufacturing cities)
 * 2) Intervening opportunity- reduces attractiveness of more distant locations
 * 3) Transferability- refers to the ease with which products can be moved
 * Harold Hotelling Model (two dimensional)[[image:Figure16.1.gif]]
 * Weber’s Model-[[image:weber.7.gif]]
 * Christaller’s Central Place Theory


 * Pictures and Models:

Growth by Industry Sectors in the United States **

// Hierarchy and Dominance of United States Cities //

**
 * Major Manufacturing Regions in Western Europe

// Rural Settlement Patterns //

**
 * Central Place Theory

// How Market Area Shape is Determined

//

SERVICES  ·  There are three types of services, with two of the services divided into two subgroups: __Consumer Services __: the principal purpose of consumer services is to provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them. __Retail Services __: provide goods for sale to consumers. (wholesale, restaurants, food stores) __Personal Services __: provide services for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers. (education, social services, hotels, membership organizations)  __Business Services __: the principal purpose of business services is to facilitate other businesses. __Producer Services __: provide services primarily to help people conduct other businesses- either agriculture, manufacturing, or other services. (banks, insurance companies, real estate, law, engineering, advertising) __Transportation and Similar Services __: businesses that diffuse and distribute services. (Trucking, publishing, broadcasting) __Public Services __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">: the principal purpose of public services is to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Services are clustered in settlements. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">No one knows the precise sequence of events through which settlements were established to provide services. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Based on archaeological research, settlements probably originated to provide personal services, especially religion and education, as well as public services such as government and police protection. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Transportation, producer, and retail services came later. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Most people in the world still live in rural settlements that have changed little in purpose since ancient times. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Clustered Rural Settlements __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> are where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. · A clustered rural settlement typically includes homes, barns, tool sheds, and other farm structures, plus personal services, such as religious structures and schools. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A handful of public, retail, and produce  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">r services may also be present in the clustered rural settlement. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Traditionally, when the population of a settlement grew too large for the capacity of the surrounding fields, new settlements were established nearby. This was possible because not all land was under cultivation. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Circular Rural Settlements __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">: The circular form consists of a central open space surrounded by structures. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Linear Rural Settlements __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">: Linear Rural Settlements feature buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communications. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Dispersed Rural Settlements __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> are characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Dispersed Rural Settlements have become more common in the past 200 years, especially in Anglo America and the United Kingdom, because in more developed societies they are generally considered more efficient than clustered settlements. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Dispersed settlement patterns dominated in the American Midwest in part because the early settlers came primarily from the Middle Atlantic colonies. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> ** Central Place Theory ** <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A __central place__ is a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The central place is so called because it is essentially located to maximize accessibility from the surrounding region. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Central places compete against each other to serve as markets for goods and services. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The geographic concept of central place theory explains how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements exists – at least in MDCs such as the United States. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Central Place Theory was first proposed in the 1930's by German geographer Walter Christaller, based on his studies of southern Germany <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Central Place Theory requires a geometric shape without gaps or overlaps, so circles are out. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted is the __market area or hinterland__. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A market area is a good example of a nodal region – a region with a core where the characteristic is most intense. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">To establish the market area, a circle is drawn around the node of service on a map. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The territory inside a circle is its market area. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> · Since most people prefer to get services from the nearest location, consumers near the center of the circle obtain services from local establishments. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Size of a Market Area is determined by two things: Range and Threshold <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The __range__ is the maximum distance people are willing to travel to get to a service. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">People are willing to go only short distances for everyday services; like groceries; <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">but they will go farther for rare services such as major league baseball games. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">To determine the range of a service, geographers must observe consumer behavior. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Threshold __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> is the minimum number of people needed to support the service. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Every enterprise has a minimum number of customers required to generate enough sales to make a profit. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Once the range has been determined, a service provider must determine whether a location is suitable by counting the potential customers inside the irregularly shaped circle. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">In many MDCs, geographers observe that ranking settlements from largest to smallest (population) produces a regular pattern or hierarchy. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This is the __rank-size rule__, in which the country's nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. · In other words, the second-largest city is one-half the size of the largest, the fourth largest city is one-fourth the size of the largest, and so on. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">An exception to the rank-size rule is the __primate city rule__, which is common of several MDC's in Europe. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">According to the primate city rule, the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">In this distribution, the country's largest city is called the __primate city__. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A settlement' distinctive economic structure derives from its __basic industries__, which exports primarily to consumers outside the settlement. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Nonbasic industries __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> are enterprises whose customers live in the same community, essentially a consumer service. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A community's unique collection of basic industries defines its economic base. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A settlement's economic base is important, because exporting by the basic industries brings money into the local economy, thus stimulating the provision of more nonbasic consumer services for the settlement. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The CBD is the best known and most visually distinctive area of most cities. · Consumer and business services are attracted to the CBD because of its accessibility. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Three types of retail services exist within the CBD: <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Services with a High Threshold <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Services with a Long Range <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Services Serving Downtown Workers. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">High Threshold shops __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">, such as department stores, traditionally prefer a central location to be accessible to many people. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A long range shop is very specialized, with customers who patronize it infrequently. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">High range shops prefer central locations because their customers are scattered over a wide area. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This type of retail activity serves the many people who work in the center and shop during lunch or work hours. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">These businesses sell office supplies, computers, and clothing or offer shoe repair, rapid photocopying, dry cleaning, and so on. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * Types of Services **
 * Origin of Services **
 * Services in Rural Settlements **
 * Clustered Rural Settlements [[image:http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/gower/images/HLCA045_photolrg.jpg width="266" height="201" align="right"]] **
 * Dispersed Rural Settlements **
 * Market Area of a Service **
 * Size of a Market Area **
 * Range of a Service **
 * Threshold of a Service **
 * Rank-Size Distribution of Settlements **
 * Economic Base of Settlements **
 * Central Business District **
 * Retail Services in the CBD **
 * Retail Services with a High Threshold **
 * Retail Services with a Long Range **
 * Retail Services Serving Downtown Workers **

** INDUSTRY ** <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The modern concept of industry began in the United Kingdom in the late 1700's. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This process of change is called the Industrial Revolution. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Industrial Revolution __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> transformed how goods are produced for society and the way people obtain food, clothing, and shelter. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The root of the Industrial Revolution was technology, involving several inventions that transformed the way in which goods were manufactured. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">From its beginnings in the north of the United Kingdom around 1750, the Industrial Revolution diffused to Europe and North America in the nineteenth century and to the rest of the world in the twentieth century. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Prior to the Industrial Revolution, industry was geographically dispersed across the landscape. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Home based manufacturing known as the cottage industry system was very popular, as people made household tools and agricultural equipment in their own homes. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The iron industry was the first to increase production, thanks to extensive use of the steam engine invented by James Watt. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The textile industry followed. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">From these two pioneering industries, new industrial techniques diffused during the nineteenth century. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Manufacturing in North America is concentrated in the northeastern quadrant of the United States and in southeastern Canada. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The region comprises only 5 percent of the land area of these countries but contains one-third of the population and nearly two-thirds of the manufacturing output. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This manufacturing belt has achieved its dominance through a combination of historical and environmental factors. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Northeast also had essential raw materials, including iron and coal. · <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Good transportation moved raw materials to factories and manufactured goods to markets. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Like the North American manufacturing belt, the Western European industrial region appears as one region on a world map. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">However, four distinct districts have emerged due to the fact that European countries competed with one another to develop their own industrial areas. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Eastern Europe has six major industrial regions. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Four are entirely in Russia, one is in Ukraine, and one is in southern Poland and northern Czech Republic. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">East Asia is the most heterogeneous industrial region from the perspective level of development. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Japan is one of the worlds wealthiest countries, thanks to industrial development. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">China – the world's most populous country – has the world's second largest economy, behind the United States, although GDP per capita is low <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">South Korea and Taiwan, prominent examples of countries that have employed international trade to become important industrial powers, have per capita GDP's substantially above that of China but substantially below that of Japan. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Industry seeks to maximize profits by minimizing production cost. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Geographers try to explain why one location may prove more profitable for a factory than others. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A company ordinarily faces two geographical costs: situation and site. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Situation factors __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> involve transporting materials to and from a factory. A firm seeks a location that minimizes the cost of transporting inputs to the factory and finished goods to the consumers. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Site Factors __<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> result from the unique characteristics of a location. Land, labor, and capital are the three traditional production factors that may vary among locations. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The cost of labor varies within regions from one country. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A labor intensive industry is one in which labor cost is a high percentage of expense. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Some labor intensive industries require highly skilled labor to maximize profit, whereas others need less skilled, inexpensive labor. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> **<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Break of Bulk Points ** <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Regardless of transportation mode, cost rises each time that inputs or products are transferred from one mode to another. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A __break of bulk point__ is a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Important break of bulk points include seaports and airports. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> · <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A __bulk gaining industry__ makes something that gains volume or weight during production. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> · <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Soft-drink bottling is a good example of an industry that gains weight. <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * Where did Industry Originate? **
 * The Industrial Revolution **
 * Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution **
 * Where is Industry Distributed? **
 * North America **
 * Europe **
 * East Asia **
 * Why do Industries have Different Distributions? **
 * Situation factors **
 * Site Factors **
 * Labor **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Textiles and Clothing Industries **<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">: Textile and Clothing production are prominent examples of labor intensive industries that generally require less skilled, low cost workers.
 * Bulk Gaining Industry **

Sources: An Introduction to Human Geography: The Cultural Landscape - 8th Edition course-notes.org Google Images <span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">

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